Pre fire plan

Building distinguishing proof The structure in the image portrays a high rise, which is type 3 on the grounds that the materials utilized in development are inflammable. One can without much of a stretch recognize this structure since blocks comprise its outside dividers. This is probably the most seasoned structure, which is clear in old towns.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Pre fire plan explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is evident that the structure has wood joints since its inside radiates perspectives that portray wood inclinations. Consequently, It is clear that during fire flare-up, the center can consume effectively; in this manner, making the outside part breakdown. NFA fire stream estimations The size of the structure is 200sq ft length by 80 sq ft width. The equation for figuring the need fire stream is (CFBT-US LLC): The need fire stream for 25% inclusion will be 1333.33 while the need fire stream for half contribution will be 2 666.67. The need fire stream for 75% inclusion will be 4000. Simultaneously, the need fire stream for 100% will be 5333.33. Without a doubt, the equation will be useful in controlling fire. The fire anticipation framework in the structure The structure has smoke sensors that empower the inhabitants to recognize the smoke before it arrives at their living arrangement particularly when they are sleeping. I think the smoke alarms in the structure are basic since they will caution the tenant when there is a fire episode. In reality, the establishment of the finders ought to be necessary in each building. It will be useful if the smoke alarms are clear in vital positions with the goal that the tenants are stir sufficiently early, to give them an opportunity to empty the structure (IBC 165).Advertising Looking for report on open organization? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The structure additionally has an alarm, which can cauti on the occupants. Much the same as the smoke alarms, the area of fire indicators ought to be in key places particularly close to dozing territories to caution the occupants in time. Alarms help the inhabitants to recognize fire along these lines empowering them to clear the structure before it consumes. The structure likewise has a hydrant, which is a fundamental segment of the fire avoidance framework (IBC 164). The two steps in the structure are likewise basic particularly during fire flare-ups. When there is fire on one side of the structure, the inhabitants can utilize the steps on the opposite side before the entire structure bursts into flames. Standpipes likewise help in forestalling fire since they are distinctive in class. This is evident in class one, which is material by the fire specialists. The class two is a framework that is dependent upon association with gracefully water to a structure for the occupants to utilize it in the underlying reaction to fire flare-up. At l ast, class three supplies water that the tenants can use for local reason. The water helps the local groups of fire-fighters when the structure is ablaze. To make the framework viable, the inhabitants must be educated about standpipes, with the goal that they will realize how to utilize them when the house is ablaze (IBC 165). Perils The sort 3 structure has openings on the dividers and roofs. This opening can make fire to spread quicker into the shrouded puts in the structure. There are likewise higher odds of the structure falling during a fire out break. This is on the grounds that the inside joints are made of wood. Since the joints bolster the substantial block dividers they can without much of a stretch breakdown when joints are scatter to fire. Works refered to CFBT-US LLC. Assessing required Fire stream: The National Fire Academy Formula. Web. http://cfbt-us.com/wordpress/?tag=nfa-fire-stream recipe IBS. Construction standards. 2006. Web.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Pre fire plan explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on Pre fire plan was composed and put together by client Maya D. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Homeland Security Organization and Administration Case Study - 1

Country Security Organization and Administration - Case Study Example The association has been and still is, a significant danger towards worldwide harmony, and their exercises have guaranteed various lives. Be that as it may, the world got a relief when its pioneer, Osama canister Laden, was slaughtered in 2011 by US Special Forces through a strike on a Pakistani compound. Following his executing, the US president conveyed a discourse, trailed by the chief of the CIA. As much as the addresses console on the wellbeing of residents notwithstanding the journey for worldwide security, different inductions can be reasoned from them, especially regarding what Osama’s demise intends to the world. All things considered, Obama’s message is primarily a reaffirmation of the conviction of the American government towards the battle against fear mongering. Obama likewise addresses the solidarity that guided the different gatherings engaged with the battle against fear based oppression, and the American individuals on the loose. In any case, he recognizes the way that the future holds a ton as far as assurance against fear mongering. Obama states that the war against psychological oppression is a long way from being done, and there is as yet a should be as careful, for fear based oppression is as yet a danger. By saying that the reason for making sure a bout the country isn't finished, he passes on the message that what's to come is as yet bleak in regard of the requirement for protection from fear based oppression. Thusly, the president’s discourse is themed more on the part of triumph, however he likewise recognizes that there is some opportunities for chance. Essentially, Leon Panetta’s discourse acknowledges the endeavors of the different people and establishments that participated in the mission to discover Osama canister Laden. Panetta sets up the need to free the world and America of Osama, and his whole al Qaeda arrange. All through this discourse, implications to any future concerns are generally rare, aside from the energy about the way that al Qaeda isn't dead, and retaliatory assaults are practically sure. It tends to be reasoned this suggests a progressively nitty gritty framework should be set up to take out, or if nothing else decrease this chance in case of any future attack.â

My first real internship

My first real internship Quick, what does an atom bomb, the plural form of a famous Texas battle, and hiking have to do with each other? hmmm If you guessed Blowing up the alamo into pieces then hiding out in the mountains, I admire your creativity, but youre wrong. If you guessed internship, youre pretty good at reading titles. If you guessed Ill be working at Los Alamos this summer and Im currently looking for an apartment somewhere near the community center, well then you creep me out a little bit. BUT restraining orders aside, you are correct. I will be working at Los Alamos National Labratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico this summer studying inhomogeneity in cuprates. For those of you with complexions darker than mayonnaise, thats nerd-speak for inconsistencies in high temperature superconductors. If the word Superconductor leaves you with an image of the worlds lamest comic book about a crime-fighting band instructor, then you should know that superconductors are actually crazy materials that once cooled below a certain temperature, start doing weird thingslike having 0 resistance and thus being able to maintain a current without a voltage. The only problem with these awesome devices is that they require you to cool them down to really low temperatures, like 20 Kelvin cold (roughly the ambient temperature in Boston in January). But lately there have been some superconductors that have transition temperatures higher than what was formerly predicted to be the maximum. Physicists are understandably intrigued by these high temperature superconductors and figuring out what properties they can exploit to make higher and higher temperature superconductors. At this point youre probably thinking Oh sure, thats cool, but so what? Why is that important? Well, it turns out that superconductors have tons of good applications. If youve ever had an MRI, congratulations! You experienced the benefits of a superconductor! The giant magnetic field created by MRI machines comes from a superconducting coil that has current flowing through it. If non-superconducting material were used, it would require constant energy being put into the machine to maintain the magnetic field. It wouldnt be nearly as strong either, as the wires would heat up from resistance and either melt or limit the field strength (whichever comes first). The implications of high-temp superconductors is enormous. Powerlines that dont lose energy transmitting over long distances. Magnetic batteries that can be charged denser than existing batteries, and recharged infinite times without losing charge density. Circuits that do calculations without generating heat, solving the current wall chip manufacturers have run into dealing with heat on microchips. Seriously, it would be a big deal. So where does hiking fit into all this? and what about that atom bomb? Well Los Alamos is in the certified middle of nowhere, which as it turns out is the perfect place to build top secret atomic weapons. If youve ever heard of the Manhattan Project, you know that a lot of that research took place at Los Alamos. I bet housing is cheap out there. Being in the middle of nowhere also means there is relatively little to do besides detonate huge bombs in the desert. What they do have though, is an abundance of outdoorsy things like hiking, rock climbing, rafting, camping etc. So Ill get to work on physics all day, and go camping on the weekends! Could it be more perfect?

The Culture Of The United States - 1057 Words

Within each culture you will find various items called material culture that is associated with that cultural group in a certain way (Little, 2014). These items may or may not be unique to that specific culture. However, these items represent the different ideas or beliefs of that culture. These ideas and beliefs are referred to as the nonmaterial culture (Little, 2014). In the United States there are shared ideas about certain material culture that stretches from coast to coast. Some of the ideas and beliefs about the items that I describe may be the result of stereotyping. Never the less, the ideas are share by many regardless if they are fair or unfair. The U.S. Army Uniform In a country like Iraq, the U.S. Army uniform may†¦show more content†¦Guns are a major item in the American culture and it has played a huge role in shaping the history of this country. Despite the increase in mass shootings and the link between guns and violence, the gun continues to be a symbol of freedom and protection. Ownership of guns is a part of the U.S. constitution, therefore it symbolizes a right that we have as an American. Food For a very select few, food is only viewed as fuel for the body. For the overwhelming majority it represents lifestyle, comfort, enjoyment and fellowship. We have holidays that are centered on eating or having cookouts (barbequing and eating outdoors). Some of these holidays have nothing to do with food. Two of the United States’ leading cookout holidays are Independence Day and Memorial Day. For many people that attend church, eating after the service has become sort of a tradition. Drive past any restaurant in the evening and the chance of the parking lot being full is very high. The Minivan The minivan has grown in popularity over the years. This vehicle is unique because when you see it you automatically think that the person that has it is family oriented. It is the ultimate family vehicle and you would be hard pressed to find a person who is not married driving a minivan. Jordan Shoes It used to be that Jordan made shoes that were worn by an athlete that plays basketball. The shoe has taken on a very different meaning and is no longer just associated with basketball. This

Essay about Hinduism - 1135 Words

What is Hinduism? Sanatana Dharma, otherwise known as Hinduism, means eternal religion. Defining Hinduism may be difficult due to multiple variations of religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, which have steamed from Sanatana Dharma beliefs. Instead of focusing on a direct definition of Hinduism, it might be easier to identify Hindu philosophies and key practices that make up Hindu beliefs. Is it a religion or is it a culture? The truth is - it is both a religion and a way of life. Hinduism is also known as Sanatana Dharma to Hindus. Hinduism was founded and in India. India gave to the world the original, oldest and most profound philosophy of life. The brilliant ancestors of present-day Indians explored the Truth behind†¦show more content†¦Since Hindu beliefs are based on Vedic literature, Hinduism is vital to the preservation of early Indian history and beliefs. The four main parts of the Veda are the Rig-veda, Yajur-veda, Sama-veda, and Atharva-veda. Hinduism i s influenced by all four parts of the Veda and the Veda is held sacred in Hindu religion. The Veda is what would be comparable to the Christian Bible or the Muslim Quran but is Hindu belief. All four parts of the Veda include separate, but related, philosophies. Since Vedic literature is vast it is important to know what the focus of the Veda is, Absolute Reality. Absolute Reality is liberation from the material world with the understanding of ones Self and what cannot be experienced through the five senses. Liberation is obtained through numerous reincarnations of the soul into other life forms until the soul is liberated from rebirths due to achieving moksha, or realization of the immortal Absolute. Desire for liberation of earthly existence is the desire to be freed of earthly despair. The caste system, originally described in the Vedas, but much abused and maligned over the years, is nothing but a representation of an efficient human society. The four castes described in the scriptures are - the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and the Shudras. According to the Vedas, an efficient human society is based on the strength of its educational/knowledge-pursuit systemShow MoreRelatedHinduism : Hinduism And Hinduism1140 Words   |  5 PagesPart One: Hinduism Worldview Hinduism is a panetheism belief system in which there are over 330 million different deities. They have a large number of different sects (Hindson and Caner 262-265). Hinduism starts with 3 Trimurti, or deities and ends with over 330 million different gods (Hindson and Caner 262-265). With an estimated 850 million followers (Halverson 1-8) . Hindus strongly believe in reincarnation, and karma. They believe that untill one reaches the highest state of purity, they willRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1641 Words   |  7 PagesSo far we’ve learned about Hinduism and Buddhism in India two of the most common religions found in India. One of the many things about learning about different culture is the religion that is come with. Religion is one of the many things that are unique to each and every culture. Religion views are what make a group of individuals come together and form a community. In core 7 we are learning about Hinduism and Buddhism learning about India and their religion views has helped me see the world inRead MoreHinduism, Hinduism And Buddhism1205 Words   |  5 Pagesafterlife has become a controversial subject across many religions. Religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have provided a multitude of similar and different analysis behind their specific beliefs and practices. Similar to many religions practiced around the world, Hinduism portrays a great amount of belief in worshipping gods that they believe play a special role in their history. Though when speaking of Hinduism, I should mention that it does not consist of a single, dominant religion. It is aRead MoreHinduism : Buddhism And Hinduism1045 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheast Asia, particularly India, is the birthplace of many religions. India is where these two religions arose: Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism is a very ancient belief system derived from the lifestyle of Southeast Asia. It still has a strong presence in its place of origin and it is characterized as a family of religions. An offspring of Hinduism, Buddhism is also a family of religions, except it has less of a strong presence in its place of birth. Yet, situated to the East area of the worldRead MoreHinduism, Islam, And Hinduism Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthese principles often have a primary theme that they tend to suppor t. The major religions that are practiced b many people across the world are Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. The three religions are practiced in different parts of the world depending on the beliefs of the population in a particular part of the world. Hinduism is a religion that is dominant in South Asia. In particular, the Hindu religion is mostly practiced in India than in other countries. Ranked as the third largest religionRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1390 Words   |  6 Pagesboth fall under the religions of Hinduism. Not only do the details of the pieces help explain the art, but so does the culture and the religion practiced at the time the piece was made. Hinduism is a major religion in India that is practiced by almost everyone. This is where they believe in one supreme being that has many different aspects. People who don’t understand Hinduism commonly mistake it with Buddhism due to the fact they share similar beliefs. Hinduism has the most affect on the cultureRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religionRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1560 Words   |  7 Pages and Buddha. Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the world’s oldest religion. Since Buddhism developed from Hinduism they can be very similar however, they are not the same because both religions have different types of rituals, founders, and gods. They also have different views on life and enlightenment. In this paper I will discuss the foundations and practices of both religions and then move into a discussion comparing and c ontrasting the two religions. Hinduism is a very interesting religionRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, And Hinduism1817 Words   |  8 PagesMost of these religions are based off the belief in a god, or have a moral code that they need to follow in order to appease their god or achieve salvation in the afterlife. Three religions that will be highlighted here are Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. In each of these three religions, they all share some religious tenets, or beliefs, that is universally accepted amongst all religions around the world and throughout history. Some of these tenets include the belief in a god or a Supreme Being.Read MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity Versus Hinduism Christianity and Hinduism, are two of the worlds oldest religions. Although they are very different religions they share one main goal; salvation. However, their idea of salvation and what they have to do ,and what must be done to attain salvation are very different. Two main similarities between the Hindu religion and Christian religion are referred to by different titles; nevertheless they are represented by the same action. One example of these similarities would

Topic of Your Choice Essay Free Essays

English 090 Writing Fundamentals Assignment 3: Topic of Your Choice Essay Professor T. Finch Christopher Casselman 08-29-2011 There are many challenges to online study; however, time management, course load and prioritizing are the three main areas that should be focused on. First, determining how much time to spend on a subject is very troublesome. We will write a custom essay sample on Topic of Your Choice Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on the subjects, some people like to spend extra time on certain things like math. Finding the time to spend with the family is stressful as well. There will always be something to distract one from their work. Next, course load will determine a lot of things, such as how much time will be needed for each subject, when assignments are due and when to take tests or quizzes. All of the things aforementioned need to be completed in a certain order and in a timely manner. Following a strenuous schedule will keep one on track. Finally, prioritizing will streamline things tremendously. Prioritize by determining how many assignments are due weekly for each subject, and if there are any tests. As well as, the difficulty of the subjects, and what impact they have on our daily life. In addition, many times we will overload ourselves and will need a momentary break. Though breaks should be short, but long enough so one can grasp the reigns tightly again and continue with what one is doing. Staying focused on the work at hand is hard to do when there are other obligations demanding attention as well. Doing the best in each subject, and staying diligent is the single most important thing. In closing, all of these things should be considered before starting an online course. Regret and failure will be less if one can get a good understanding of what is expected from them and focus on time management, course load and prioritization. How to cite Topic of Your Choice Essay, Essays

Psychology and Helpful Forum Thread free essay sample

I love kids they are very fun to work with . it is our duty to make sure they are happy and safe. Kids have there own choices and enjoy free flow and that is the time were you can observe your child n see their interest. children and young people from birth to 19 yrs1. 1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs development book on amazon. co. uk if you have problems accessing a book that contains developmental information ask your setting what titles they have to loan, if they would purchase or loan any resources for learners. Development chart thread on the forum1. 2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is importantAspects of development may include: physical communication intellectual / cognitive social, emotional and behavioural moral Helpful forum thread: rate and sequence of development Outcome 2 expects you to . We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology and Helpful Forum Thread or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . Understand the factors that influence children and young people’s development and how these affect practice2. 1 Explain how children young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Helpful forum thread: how personal factors influence a childs development 2. 2 Explain how children young people’s development is influen children and young people from birth to 19 yrs1. 1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs development book on amazon. co. uk if you have problems accessing a book that contains developmental information ask your setting what titles they have to loan, if they would purchase or loan any resources for learners. Development chart thread on the forum1. 2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is importantAspects of development may include: physical communication intellectual / cognitive social, emotional and behavioural moral Helpful forum thread: rate and sequence of development Outcome 2 expects you to .. Understand the factors that influence children and young people’s development and how these affect practice2. 1 Explain how children young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Helpful forum thread: how personal factors influence a childs development 2. 2 Explain how children young people’s development is influen

Burberry Consumer Profile Report Essay Example

Burberry Consumer Profile Report Paper We look at these characteristics as they are the elements of a potential customers life that can influence customers behavior before, during and after making a purchase. The target market for Barberrys womens wear is typically a young professional female, aged between 25 and 30 with a high level of disposable income. The MRS. Social grade States that young professionals who fall into social grades A and B earn a salary of thirty thousand pounds or more per annum (see figure 1 allowing them to have a high level of expenditure, which is supported by the graph shown in appendix A. Having an income this high would suggest that these nouns professionals have completed their higher education to a degree level, or even to the level of a masters or PhD (appendix B). The professionalism of Barberrys target market is expressed through the garments they sell, with a large collection of tailored pieces on offer to cater to the consumers needs (appendix C). 2. 2 Geographic Characteristics The geographic characteristics of a consumer do not just focus on where the consumer lives, but also the type of house they live in and their neighborhood, as well as where they shop. Having this information about he consumer will allow a further insight into the kind of lifestyle an individual has. Statistics show that the the social grade and income of an individual effects the size of the house they live in, and typically the higher social grades and incomes will have a larger property (appendices D and E). The young professionals that Barberry targets tend to own one or two bed properties (appendices D and E), suggesting that they live alone, and are therefore single, or share with somebody with whom they split the cost of rent, allowing them to have a higher level of expenditure. According to Acorn, the young professionals that Barberry target Generally own flats in major towns and cities that Have been built recently and are more usually found in urban locations, particularly London (Acorn, 2014: online). Living in these areas would suggest that there is easy access to a variety of different shops and facilities allowing them to fit their shopping in around work and other commitments without it being an inconvenience. 2. 3 Personality and Lifestyle Characteristics This category contains characteristics that are much more personal than hose mentioned in sections 2. And 2. 2, such as music tastes, type/number of cars and stage in lifestyle. Companies Will look at these characteristics to help them gain an even better idea of their target consumers lifestyle, and therefore be able to market and advertise their products more effectively. Using the information stated in section 2. 1 we can tell that because they live in major towns and cities, those in Buyers t arget market do not tend to own a car (appendix F), again allowing them to have extra money to spend on We will write a custom essay sample on Burberry Consumer Profile Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Burberry Consumer Profile Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Burberry Consumer Profile Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Barberry products, as they do not have to spend it on car insurance, tax and petrol. Living alone in a city without a car suggests that the consumer could be considered as being in the bachelor/peacock or early nester stage of their lifestyle, meaning that they are single or have just begun living with a partner and do not have any children, again giving them a higher level of disposable income. Buyers official website has a weeping titled acoustic, where customers can go to listen to the music of nouns British bands that Barberry believes in. (A, Politicking. 2010: online). This type of music is slow and relaxed, similar to that of the music played throughout Barberry stores. There is a huge focus on music throughout the brand; this is because chief creative officer, Christopher Bailey, feels that music Sets the directional mood for what were working on. (The Guardian, online: 2013). 2. 4 Attitudes, Interests and Opinions Characteristics Much like the characteristics of section 2. , the attitudes, interests and opinions can vary dramatically from consumer to consumer and looks at an individuals views, style, celebrity influences and clothing types. 3. 0 The Brand This section of this report refers to the different elements of the marketing mix to show and discuss how Barberry successfully utilize their knowledge of their target consumer and their resources to fit in with the overall target consumer environment. 3. 1 Product 3. 2 Price As Barberry is a premium designer brand the pricing of their products will reflect this. Barberry knows that their target consumer will be willing to pay high prices for their products as the high price of Buyers products suggests high quality, which is what their target consumer is after and therefore increases desirability of a product. Although all product prices are premium, Buyers price range will vary depending on which diffusion label you are purchasing from, as Barberry Proms is more expensive than Barberry London, which is more expensive than Barberry Bruit. Barberry use competitive pricing, putting the prices of their products similar to those of its competitors. Normally in an in store environment, Barberry will use the middle market approach to pricing, or a non-competitive price approach, meaning that product prices are not obviously displayed and are hidden away on labels inside the products, or not stated at all so that customers have to ask a sales assistant for a price. 3. Place Barberry sells its products to the consumer through physical retail channels, including mainline stores, concessions in prestige department stores, outlets and Barberry franchises, as well as through their own transactional website and the websites of stores such as Harrows, Selfridges, Harvey Nichols and other department stores in which they have concessions. As of March 31, 01 3, the company had 206 mainline stores, 214 concessions, 49 outlets, and 65 franchise stores to be found all over the world. (Yahoo, online: no date). The fact that Barberry mainl y sell through concessions have both advantages and disadvantages. Concessions are a less expensive way for a company to sell their brand in a new area and they give the customer an idea of what kind of brand you are, for example, concessions in Selfridges would give the impression of a high-end brand. On the other hand, concessions do not allow you to have your own brand identity, it is easier for customers to compare our products with other brands and they have less stock and therefore less choice. A large majority of Barberry stores are situated in greatly populated cities and areas where they will gain most customer contact. For instance, there are eleven Barberry stores and three concessions in London alone (see appendix G). Within these cities, Barberry stores are generally placed in large shopping Centers, busy high Streets and town centers. Placing their stores in these locations means that the infrastructure around them will typically be good with decent parking facilities, public transport links and a variety of laces to purchase food and drink, making the stores easily accessible, more pleasurable and less stressful to visit, increasing the chances of customers visiting again. Another benefit of having their stores in these locations is the high footfall of potential customers, the prime locations mean that even consumers who had not planned to visit the store may decide to go in and have a browse whilst passing by. It is extremely uncommon for Barberry stores to be found in a location where the stores surrounding it are not other designer brands that would be considered Barberrys competitors. Usually, the stores that neighbor and are close by Barberry will belong to brands such as Ralph Lauren, Gucci and YES, which not only helps attract a consumer that is more likely to make a purchase but also helps to keep the brands sense of exclusivity and expense. This is because these brands all have the same target consumer and attract the same customer. It would be less likely for a Barberry store to do well and generate sufficient income if it were surrounded by high street shops like Primary, HM and Tops as they have very different target markets. 4. Promotional Methods Promotion is widely known as the fourth p within the marketing mix and is the management process responsible for communicating with customers in order to inform and satisfy their needs and wants (Easy 2002:168). This section of the report focuses on the different promotional techniques used by Barberry to increase their brand awareness and to promote their products to their target consumer successfully in such a heavily saturated market. 4. 1 Advertising Barberry uses its advertisements to reinforce its luxury, classically British image. The ads feature iconic British backdrops, British icons, typically British weather and music from British bands that can be found on Barberry acoustic, mentioned in section 2. 3. As mentioned in section 2. 1 at the beginning of the report, the target consumer for Buyers womens wear is females aged 25-30 and by using celebrities and icons who would typically appeal to women of that age bracket in their advertisements, they are able increase the interest in the brand by a great amount. For example, visuals of model Car Delivering and actor Eddie Redeemed were released at the eight of Delusiveness career and just before the release of the 201 2 film production of Less Miserable, in which Redeemed has a leading role (figure 2). Barberry is known to have their visual advertisements in a variety of high-end fashion magazines including Vogue, Ell and Harpers Bazaar, all magazines that would appeal to their target consumer, as they advertise and display brands and products of the same nature to Barberry itself. As well as in magazine, Barberry has advertised their brand through other platforms, such as on billboards in cities like London and through television adverts, also tarring a selection Of famous faces with Romeo Beckman being a more recent addition to Buyers advertising campaigns. 4. 2 Public Relations Barberrys use of celebrity endorsement is by far one of their most successful forms of PR. In the past, the brand has secured great press coverage for their products by having them photographed on celebrities that are current and popular with their target market, and by ensuring that celebrities with whom their target audience can relate to are seen in Barberry products, Barberry can gain great exposure with minimal cost. For example, when One Directions Harry Styles was pictured on the front row at Buyers London Fashion Week show this summer, the show received over 21 , 000 mentions on social media, a figure that was considerably higher than other brands. In September 201 3, Barberry gained a lot of media attention when Harry Styles, Victoria Beckman and Ell Fanning were all photographed wearing the same Barberry Proms shirt. Following the release of the photos, a number of widely read fashion magazine and websites published who wore it best articles, which not only pushed Barberry into the public eye, but increased interest in the brand as fans wanted to know more about the shirt and even purchase it themselves.

Leadership in Quality Management

Leadership in Quality Management Leadership is mandatory for all organizations. It determines whether a company or an organization succeeds in achieving its goals and objectives or it fails in doing so. In fact, the quality of leadership that is practiced in an organization defines and differentiates successful organizations from unsuccessful ones.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leadership in Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that effective leadership is essential for the success of any organization. Therefore, leadership in total quality management is defined and characterized by the fundamental instructions of the gurus based on organisational leadership (Winder Draeger, 2006). Quality leadership is ethical, focused on people, creates an awareness of social responsibility, and puts emphasis on the quality of employees’ working conditions. Without good leadership and management structures, an organis ation is likely to fall into a leadership crisis, either because of low confidence levels in the leaders or lack of trust in the workers/employees (Luria, 2008). Therefore, integrity and public confidence in business leaders is crucial for quality leadership to prevail in an organisation. This essay discusses leadership in quality management, detailing the relationship between leadership and quality. Leadership and Quality Many scholars have written about the importance of leadership as an important part of quality management. Quality leadership includes management commitment, and it prescribes strategies to achieve quality management within organizations. Therefore, organisations or individuals who intend to practice quality leadership must first begin by taking a careful examination of the organisational culture and the leadership capacity at stake. In the current business and political world, quality is the foundation for continual management, innovation, creativity, and leadersh ip (Feigenbaum, 2007). To attain quality leadership, the top management of an organisation must take the responsibility of the quality initiative (Winder Draeger, 2006). Ideally, leadership and quality management are closely intertwined such that integrity leadership leads to quality management. Thus, quality leadership is the foundation for frequent management innovation and creativity in many organizations. What Quality Leadership means Quality leadership has been defined differently by various scholars. However, they all concur at one instance that the qualities, behaviours, and traits of a leader define the kind of leadership prevailing in an organisation. When the leader has good leadership qualities, traits, and behaviours, the leadership is termed as effective or quality leadership because it leads to integrity and employee job satisfaction.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research provides that leadership theories and total quality management play an integral role in enhancing organisational performance and increased employee job satisfaction in an organization. Total quality management promotes quality leadership unlike traditional organisations, whose leadership focus is based on internal systems only. Therefore, quality leadership is characterised by the following: strategic leadership that encourages integration of internal systems with external environment; visionary leadership where employees share a common vision and goals; employee motivation through designed rewarding systems for stakeholders to promote creativity and innovation; and empowerment and teamwork by having all the employees takes active roles in leadership. These characteristics differentiate a total quality management organization, practicing quality leadership, from a traditional organisation that is conservative. Quality leadership is measured by the leadership style organisational leaders decide to embrace in leading their organizations. Research provides that transformational leadership style is the most related leadership style to quality leadership. It entails searching for opportunities to motivate the employees by satisfying their basic needs and assigning them responsibilities in the work process. This has a direct relationship with leadership quality because transformational leaders are capable of developing good rapport or effective communication with employees to strengthen values, and inspire a vision that is focused on quality. In addition, transformational leaders build trust, reduce fear, create awareness for change and develop a culture to support the change, and initiate new tactics to solve organisational complexity (Luria, 2008). This encourages quality improvement across all the systems and departments in the organisation. Deming (2000) denotes that â€Å"the job of management is not supervision, but rather l eadership† (p. 54). This implies that transformational leadership requires the managers to be leaders so that they can deliver quality leadership. In fact, quality leadership involves a predominance of quality principles that form â€Å"a basis for guiding, empowering and supporting the constant pursuit of excellence by the employees throughout the organisation† (Feigenbaum, 2007, p 38). Therefore, emphasis is put on the leader to create an environment of trust, sincerity, and truthful communication to encourage the development of the individual quality improvement workforce.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Leadership in Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, in quality leadership, the leader ensures that there is a continual system improvement so that every employee does a better job with greater satisfaction. Deming (2000) argues that a transformational leader is not a judge, but rather a colleague leading and guiding employees on a daily basis, and learning from them and with them. As a result quality leadership is built on the leadership principles provided above with integrity, people focus, and empowerment on the lead. Those principles, including others, must be applied in a coordinated manner in any company that anticipates achieving quality management. This participatory approach to leadership, whereby, employees throughout the organisation are empowered and encouraged to become leaders is essential because quality becomes the responsibility of everyone in the organisation and not a few individuals. Some people may think that by so doing, the roles of the CEO would be diminished. However, this might not be true because empowerment adds the CEOs more responsibilities to create an environment for planning at lower levels. Actually, employee empowerment means that the workforce is encouraged and motivated to improve on the quality of the ser vices it provides to the organisation and the society. Empowered employees feel comfortable when making decisions because they trust and believe that their company is committed to their development. However, this can only be achieved through team management skills that leaders must embrace. Therefore, quality leadership prevails in an organisation when the organisation is a leader-based, and the leadership capacity is entrenched throughout the organisation (Winder and Draeger, 2006). A leader-based organization enables employees to look at senior leaders as members or colleagues and not individuals in charge of others. Therefore, leaders who invest in empowering employees to be leaders portray quality management and leadership skills. The most integral part in quality leadership is knowledge sharing among team members, mentoring, instructing others, and facilitating group processes. Moreover, it entails promoting openness in communication, allocating resources effectively, providing information, and monitoring group performance (Deming, 2000).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the qualities a leader must portray to lead an organisation toward total quality management culture include motivation, honesty and integrity, self confidence, and drive. Other qualities include cognitive ability, charisma, and business knowledge. Despite this, integrity and honesty are the most important traits in leadership and they form a basis for quality leadership depends on. Leadership Quality Criteria The most widely used leadership quality criteria is criteria for performance excellence developed by Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. This criterion divides leadership into categories. For instance, the first category focuses on the ways in which leaders provide guidance, communicate and encourage organizational performance, and offer leadership services. The criteria also support the idea that visionary leadership is an important value and concept in an organisation (Baldrige National Quality Program, 2007). Thus, effective leaders put in place systems, whic h give directions to employees, set realistic goals for employees, develop clear vision, and ensure that the organization attains performance excellence. Quality leadership requires senior leaders to play the role of inspiring, motivating, and encouraging the entire team of employees to contribute positively to organisational development through innovation. Therefore, according to Baldrige National Quality Program (2007), â€Å"as role models, the leaders can underpin ethics, values, and expectations while building leadership, commitment and initiative throughout the organisation† (p. 1). In summary, the performance excellence criterion provides that effective leadership system entails the establishment of mechanisms to enable the leader to carry out personal examination, receive feedback and improve the organisational sustainability. Conclusion In summary, quality leadership involves approaches that tend toward leadership traits such as empowerment, vision, strategic viewpoi nt, people focus, and involvement of various disciplines. Moreover, integrity and an awareness of social responsibility form the foundation of quality leadership and management (Winder Draeger, 2006). Quality leadership recognizes the value of change. Therefore, leaders anticipate change and respond to it accordingly to allow the organisation to continue growing by exploring new ideas (Deming, 2000). Moreover, quality leadership involves the application of leadership strategies that encourage collaboration and teamwork, humility and forbearance, and strategic planning. Finally, quality leadership plays an important role in promoting total quality management in an organisation. References Baldrige National Quality Program. (2007). Leadership Criteria for performance excellence. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/ Deming, W.E. (2000). Out of the Crisis. New York: MIT Press. Feigenbaum, A.V. (2007). The international growth of quality. Quality Progress, 40(2), 36-40. Luria, G. (2008) . Controlling for quality: Climate, leadership and behavior. Quality Management Journal, 15 (1), 27-40. Winder, R. E Draeger, J. (2006). Resilient leadership: integrating stability and agility in the five dimension leadership model. ASQ World Conference on Quality and Improvement, 4(2), 1-14.

SWOT Analysis in Nestle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SWOT Analysis in Nestle - Case Study Example In a recent research carried out by the company, almost 60% of the world population must have consumed or benefited from one of the company's brand3. Most of its brands are billion sellers, and some of the brands are popular than the company itself. Some brands are only available in certain parts of the world. The company is one good corporation promoting diversity, the shareholders, and the employees come from different part of the world. The company has millions of undistributed profit, a portfolio balance sheet in billions of dollars4. Through Creating Shared Value, Nestl links its operations to long-term value both for its business and for society as a whole, and defines its success in terms of internal financial returns and external social and economic results. Ultimately, creating shared value acknowledges both the work that corporations need to do to reduce negative impacts on society as well as, and more fundamentally, how they can be part of progress on global challenges5. The SWOT Analysis, or sometimes known as the TOWS Matrix, is a strategic planning, competitive and analytic weapon used to evaluate the S trengths, W eaknesses, O pportunities, and T hreats involved in a project or business venture6. Market analysis of competitors, suppliers, customers and potential opportunities has long been a competitive preparation of the staple firm7. As the struggle for product development and market shar... 1.2 Applying the SWOT Metrix The SWOT Analysis, or sometimes known as the TOWS Matrix, is a strategic planning, competitive and analytic weapon used to evaluate the S trengths, W eaknesses, O pportunities, and T hreats involved in a project or business venture6. Market analysis of competitors, suppliers, customers and potential opportunities has long been a competitive preparation of the staple firm7. As the struggle for product development and market shares continue, firms often perform market analysis of their competitor's strength, opportunities, and weaknesses and threats in order to know how to formulate and implement subsequent strategies8. However, in the theory of perfect competition and major strategic theories it is assume firms know their industry and competitors fairly well. Anderton, (2006) postulated that firms engage in competitive analysis to gain a better understanding of their competitors' resources, capabilities, and strategies. Smith et al. (1992) went further to detail how firms in the airline industry initiate strategies and respond to competitors' strategies. Thomas et al., (1993) went further to illustrate the importance of competitor's analysis.The perception of similarities and differences among competing firms can drastically affect the types of competitive behaviors in which a firm engages9. By doing competitive analysis firms are better placed to do ma rket segmentation, develop their core products and competences and be more opportunistic in their environment. Figure 1., below provide an in-depth analysis of Nestle strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Weaknesses Opportunities Major competitors have strong holding some countries and market segment. Some products have not been quite

The bridge over river kwan movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The bridge over river kwan movie - Essay Example The main characters in the movie are military leaders from Thailand and British. Both of them command their groups towards timely and effective completion of the bridge. Colonel Nicholson is the captured British and Colonel Saito is the leader of the prison camp. The two characters show different leadership style which is critical in military commanding and any other organizational unit. At the beginning of the movie, it can be noted that there is a clash of ego and differences in opinion between Nicholson and Saito. Saito is hell-bent on ensuring all men get to work irrespective of their cadre which is contradictory to Nicholson’s strict discipline which makes him assert that his men are not supposed to offer manual labor (Allon 38). Their labor management and project execution approaches seems to differ and this can be highlighted as shown below. Colonel Saito exercises directive style of leadership while Colonel Nicholson is an indirect influencer: These styles can be supported by the fact that Colonel attempts to command and lead from the front by forcing prisoner English servicemen to work beside their men and he takes control in his hand when he fells the Engineer has not delivered desired results (Bourke 65-8). On the other hand Colonel Nicholson asserts his leadership acumen by vehemently refusing to give in to Japanese demands. He makes good his course of action by working alongside his men which is inspirational to the workers. It can also be observed that Saito acts purely from an objective leadership standpoint when he decides to give his workers off and time to rest despite the tight schedule to complete the bridge. This is a shift from Colonel Nicholson subjective approach which is exhibited when he decides to redesign the bridge although with ulterior motives to bring down colonel Saito. Both leaders show result driven leadership style in which the end justifies the means. Colonel Nicholson shows outstanding level of

Importance of Effective Communication in Construction

Importance of Effective Communication in Construction Introduction Civil engineering works are not just the building of structures, but they provide a livable and safe environment for society. To make it all work, the disciplines involved must be in constant communication. They cannot work in isolation and must communicate with other civil engineers and professions and also be able to communicate with society. When communication fails it will have a negative effect on the works. Defining communication In the Oxford Dictionary the word communication is defined as to share or exchange information, and the word effective is defined as producing an intended result. For a civil project, effective communication can be defined as communication between inter-disciplines, which produces a structure that is designed to be safe, serviceable and economic, and constructed to be on budget, time and to the customers satisfaction. In order for communication to be effective a common language must be used which is understood well by the various disciplines. In communication between two parties, there are four key components involved: Transmitter: person with information Receiver: person to whom information is directed Medium (nature of information): words (written and spoken), drawings, figures, symbols, codes, graphs, diagrams, charts, etc Channel (method of communicating information): meetings, documents, email, telephone, video link, projector slides, etc For communication to be effective, information should flow in both directions because the receiver may not be listening to or reading what is being communicated. There must be a response from them to know that the person has both received the message and understood it2. The nature of Civil Engineering works Compared with products manufactured in factories, where most if not all the design and production stages are carried out by a single company and the end products are the same, civil engineering works are manufactured on site with a number of different disciplines involved in the process at different stages of design and construction. These works are always made to the customers specifications, making them unique for each project. With so many different disciplines3 involved, there is an important need for effective communication between them for any project to be successful. For example, the customer must communicate their needs to the consultant engineers. The consultant engineers must understand the customers needs and interpret them into a design. Then, once the plans have been developed and a bid has been taken, the contractor must understand the plans and communicate the plans to the sub-contractors. The importance of effective communication during civil works As said by Peter Rogers How many projects go wrong because somebody has a vision at the top and the people beneath destroy it because they either do not believe in what is being created or the ambition has not been communicated to them?4 Effective communication is a means to an end, which is fundamentally a project delivered on time, on budget and to an agreed quality. So, where there is a breakdown in communication the opposite is likely to occur. In the UK this has left a bad reputation of the construction industry with the client and as has lead to an increase in disputes with many of cases ending up in court. In 1992 this increasing trend prompted the Conservative government to assign Sir Michael Latham, a former MP with experience of the construction industry to investigate. In 1994 he published his report called Constructing the Team5. One of the recommendations he made was the need for improved team-working, which highlights a need for improved communication between team members. A few years later when the Labour government came into office in 1997 they set up The Construction Task Force. It was made up of a team of ten industry clients6 who were to advise on ways of improving the quality and efficiency of housebuilding. They mentioned seeing the industry typically dealing with the project process as a series of sequential and largely separate operations undertaken by individual designers7. In 1998 the Construction Task Force presented their report (commonly known as The Egan Report). Based on their findings they recommended five key changes that were needed for improvement in the construction industry: Committed leadership A focus on the customer Integrated processes and teams A quality driven agenda Commitment to people It can be seen from their recommendations that a crucial element for any of them to be successful is the ability to communicate and listen effectively and although the Task Force looked specifically at housebuilding, their findings can be applied to civil works as well. It has been over ten years (currently 2009) since the Construction Task Forces recommendations. Looking at the performance of the construction industry in last 5 years, it can be seen that there has been improvement but a lot is still needed. A summary of the performance of the construction industry from 2004 to 2008 is shown in Table 1.1. Client product satisfaction has been at 80% or above for the last five years, but this also means that 1 in 5 clients have not been mostly satisfied with the final outcome of their project. Also the figures for defects last year show that approximately one third of defects had a negative impact on the client. Case Study 1: Wembley Stadium The Wembley stadium project is an example of how clients, contractors and sub-contractors can fall out due to poor communication or the lack thereof, which can cause the project to go over budget and time. The client who is Wembley National Stadium Ltd originally selected Bovis Lend Lease and Multiplex to both design and construct the stadium, but negotiations broke down over costs. Multiplex then independently offered a cheaper tender to the client for a fixed price of  £326 million, which in September 2000 was accepted by the client10. However, the price gradually increased to  £445 million after detailed specifications were made. Bovis believed the client had broken the public sector procurement guidelines and that the project should have been retendered. The government commissioned a report to investigate the issue and concluded that retendering would have harmed the project even further in respect to time and money and believed it was not practical to have retendered. But the report also stated that the client: Failed to follow a formal procurement process, including creating proper documentation Carried out two procurement processes at the same time, making it difficult to have competitive procurement Had meetings and conversations with Multiplex before a formal procurement process There were also other problems. Multiplex complained that the client had made 600 design changes to the contract and there were disputes such as the definition of practical completion. There were delays with the raising into position of the arch. Multiplex said that the delays and other troubles were the result of the subcontractor Cleveland Bridges late and defective design of fabrication work. Cleveland Bridge said that the delays and other troubles were because of too many variations or the late supply of information by Multiplex or by the structural engineer, Mott MacDonald Limited. Case study 2: Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 On 27 March 2008 BAA opened Terminal 5 after six years of work, costing  £4.3 billion. The project was a success in terms of being built on time and within budget. However, on the first day of opening there were problems with the baggage system. The baggage system failed and so over 23,000 pieces of luggage needed to be sorted manually. At a press conference just two weeks earlier, BAAs strategy director said We have a world-class baggage system that is going to work perfectly on day one. An investigation into why these problems occurred was undertaken by the House of Commons Transport committee. They found that most of these problems were caused two main factors: Insufficient communication between owner and operator, and Poor staff training and system testing During their inquiry the national secretary for aviation, told the committee: members and shop stewards locally had been raising concerns both within BAA and BA for a considerable period in relation to the opening of Terminal 5, but that no consideration was given to the response from the trade union side. 11 A shop steward working for BAA said that union representatives: said to the company that the way it was going would not work. Based on our own experience having worked there for years no technology can take that away. we said that they must listen to what we said and do it this way, but we were told that, no, it was a state-of-the-art building and everything would work and be all right.12 The Chief executive of Heathrow BAA said that if he could rewind time, he would focus resolutely and determinedly on keeping British Airways and BAA in the same room tightly together. 13 Methods to achieve effective communication According to research carried out by Court, Culley and McMahon14, the method of communication has an effect on the richness of the information received and processed. Table 1.2 shows the various methods of communication and the levels of richness of each. Table 1.2 shows that the best method of communication is verbal, such as in meetings. With verbal communication immediate feedback is received. Information flows in both directions and new issues may be introduced by either party. Meetings are an essential part of effective teamwork and are probably the most important time where designers and constructors work together. They can be said to have two main functions: A social purpose where team members become familiar with one another and one anothers ways of working, A business purpose for communicating information and agreeing actions. For meetings to be successful each must take time to listen to the other, and remove prejudices. We are all individuals and have our own ways of working and communicating with others. What is needed is the desire to communicate and the passion to build something that is good. By sharing information between members, a team is able to make best use of its combined knowledge. Good communication in meetings also depends on individuals being able to understand what is being said. The use of terminology which is not understood by others outside the profession risks poor communication and misunderstanding. A language must be found which is understood well by all parties. Integrated teams An integrated team which was one of the recommendations of the Construction Task Force is another effective method of having team members talking to each other. Multidisciplinary companies like Arup or Amec have the advantage of the different disciplines working for the same company and in the same building. Typically the members of the project work on the same floor in an open plan office making it easy for communication and ideas to be exchanged between the different team members. Computer programmes As the old saying goes A picture is worth a thousand words, in the same way computer programmes such as CAD can be used to produce 2D and 3D drawings, which can then be communicated to other project members. There is industry standards in terms of symbols and legends used on drawings so that everyone is able to understand what is being communicated. CAD drawings can also be sent electronically to the other team members so that they are able to view the same information and develop their information onto the design. They are also able to analyse the structure and its connection with other structural elements and make any adjustments if necessary. Case Study 3: MidCity Place, London MidCity Place, an office development in London took 57 weeks to construct, which according to the developers Stanhope Plc is half the industry average build time and at a cost 20% lower than the market average for a building of its quality15. The project was completed in December 2001, eleven weeks ahead of schedule and within budget. The contractors Bovis Lend Lease and Stanhope developed a logistics process based on experience in the car industry. The logistics programmes scheduled all the components in their sequence in the construction and put this information into 3D modelling software. The programme modelled the building and its assembly and also allowed them to find glitches in the delivery and construction sequence. The techniques used on MidCity Place are now being used on other Stanhope/Bovis Lend Lease projects, where they are being developed further. Education Educating students at an early stage is important in order to allow them to enact the roles they will need to fill when entering the industry. From experience, this is currently being achieved by methods such as group projects, presentations and subjects such as Civil Engineering Management. Although these methods do improve the personal skills of an individual there does not seem to be any formal subject in developing communication skills. It seems that communicating ideas is left more as an art that needs to be developed individually by students, than something that can be learnt academically. There are postgraduate courses such as Interdisciplinary Design for the Built Environment (IDBE) run at Cambridge University or the Project Team Leadership Programme run by Design Build Foundations and Henley Management College, which broaden the education of graduates to getting the industry communicating and working together. Conclusions Communicating information is just as important as the information that is being communicated, without which no progress can be made and ideas will remain just that. A lot of time is spent communicating during civil projects. It is in the interest of all those participating in a project to develop effective forms of communication, as a breakdown in communication can have not only time delays and cost overruns, but also harm a companys reputation and/or even bring financial ruin. References 1. Payne, A.C, Chelsom J.V and Reavill L.R.P (1996), Management for Engineers, John Wiley Sons, England, Pg 192. 2. Ibid, Pg 193. 3. These professions are typically the Client, Civil Engineer, Contractor, Sub-contractor, Manufacturer, and also the general public. 4. Spence R, Macmillan S Kirby P. (2001), Interdisciplinary design in practice, Thomas Telford, London, Pg 28. 5. Latham, M. (1994), Constructing the Team, HMSO, London. 6. The members of the Construction Task Force (circa 1998): Sir John Egan (Chairman), Chief Executive, BAA plc, Mike Raycraft, Property Services Director, Tesco Stores Ltd, Ian Gibson, Managing Director, Nissan UK Ltd, Sir Brian Moffatt, Chief Executive, British Steel plc, Alan Parker, Managing Director, Whitbread Hotels, Anthony Mayer, Chief Executive, Housing Corporation, Sir Nigel Mobbs, Chairman, Slough Estates and Chief Executive, Bovis Homes, Professor Daniel Jones, Director of the Lean Enterprise Centre, Cardiff Business School, David Gye, Director, Morgan Stanley Co Ltd, David Warburton, GMB Union. 7. DETR (1998) Rethinking Construction: the report of the Construction Task Force July 1998, Pg 13. 8. Ibid, Pg 12. 9. Ibid, Pg 4. 10. Morton R, revised by Ross A (2008), Construction UK, Introduction to the Industry, Blackwell, Pg 145. 11. House of Commons Transport Committee (2008), The opening of Heathrow Terminal 5, The Stationery Office Limited, Pg 74. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Court AW, Culley SJ and McMahon CA. (1997), The Influence of information technology in new product development. International Journal of information Management, Vol. 17 N0.5, Elsevier, Pg 359-379. 15. www.stanhopeplc.com, MidCity Place (2009). 16. Office for National statistics (2008), Construction Statistics Annual No.9, Palgrave.

Lab Report: Antibiotic Evaluation by the Kirby-Bauer Method

Lab Report: Antibiotic Evaluation by the Kirby-Bauer Method Introduction Chemical antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds capable of either inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or killing them outright. Those which are taken internally to alleviate the symptoms of or promote healing from disease are called chemotherapeutic drugs, and among these is a class of compounds called antibiotics. In order for a chemotherapeutic drug to be classed as an antibiotic, it must be produced by a microorganism such as bacterium or fungus or at least derived from a chemical produced by one.It must also be capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and of doing so when taken in very small quantities. To study whether a microbial product qualifies as an effective antibiotic, a standard procedure called the Kirby-Bauer method is employed. This method, which is the procedure recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration, was devised by William Kirby and A. W. Bauer in 1966. In the current protocols involved in the Kirby-Bauer method, Mueller-Hinton standard agar is used as the medium for bacterial culture.The pH of the standard agar is 7. 2 to 7. 4 and it is poured exclusively to a depth of 4 mm. The medium is heavily inoculated with bacteria and paper disks containing enough of the antibiotic under study to create an optical density of 1 (the McFarland standard) are placed on top of the cultures. By examining the results of incubation in the form of a zone of inhibition around each disk after incubation, it can be determined how effective each antibiotic is against any given bacterium. A minimum inhibitory concentration can then be deduced for the given antibiotic vs. he specific bacterium tested so that appropriate dosage may be determined. Resistant bacteria cultures will show a small or no zone of inhibition if their growth is not sufficiently inhibited for the antibiotic to be a viable candidate in treating infection by that organism. Sensi tive cultures, on the other hand, will be appreciably inhibited in their growth or, ideally, eliminated entirely in a relatively large radius around the McFarland standard disk. In this case, the antibiotic under study might be prescribed as a useful counter to illness brought on by that particularly bacterium.In the experiment discussed here, we tested eight antibiotics against four common opportunistic pathogens, namely Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of these, the first two are Gram positive and the latter pair are Gram negative. The eight antibiotics tested were: Ampicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits the final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to receptors within the cell wall. The result is a porous cell wall and subsequent lysis carried out by the bacteria's own enzymes.It is effective against many bacteria, both Gram positive and Gram negative, and is particularly used in treating infect ion by E. coli, Salmonella typhosa and Enterococcus faecalis, among others. (DrugBank) This antibiotic is a semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin, which is itself an antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum. Bacitracin, a mixture of polypeptides obtained from Bacillus subtilis var Tracy. It inhibits synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram positive bacteria by preventing the function of a molecule that transports components to synthesis sites.Bacitracin has a low threshold of toxicity when taken orally or injected, but it has found application as a topical ointment in the prevention of wound infection by Staphylococci. (DrugBank) Chloramphenicol, a broad spectrum antibiotic that is produced synthetically but which was originally discovered in a Streptomyces bacterium. It can be employed against several types of infection but most notably has found application in combating typhoid fever cholera. This antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis by suppressing the function of the 50S subunit in bacterial ribosomes.Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic but does not kill bacteria. It also has a low toxicity threshold when ingested, and so it is now used almost exclusively to combat life-threatening illness or infection. (DrugBank) Erythromycin, which is produced by a Streptomyces and functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor in much the same way as Chloramphenicol. It is much less toxic than Chloramphenicol and is used to combat such diseases as whooping cough, diptheria, and pelvic inflammation due to syphilis. (DrugBank) Novobiocin, one of the aminoglycoside antibiotics.This class of antibiotics works by binding to the bacterial 16S rRNA and causing the misreading of tRNA. Because of this, the bacteria synthesizes incomplete or toxic polypeptides, resulting in the death of the bacterial cell. Novobiocin can be used to treat infection by Gram negative bacteria and Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is not effective against anaerobic b acteria, however, and is not often used against Gram positive infections because other antibiotics that are less toxic to the patient are available for this purpose. DrugBank) Moreover, Novobiocin is known to bind to and alter the function of DNA gyrase, effectively stopping proper replication in the bacterial cell and thus bactericidal. Penicillin G, another antibiotic of the beta lactam class. It is used primarily against Gram positive bacteria such as the Streptococci but is also effective against some Gram negatives such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the spirochete Treponema pallidum, which is responsible for syphilis.Penicillin G inhibits synthesis if peptidoglycan by the same mechanism as in Ampicillin. (DrugBank) Polymyxin B, a mixture of polypeptides derived from Bacillus polymyxa. It can be used bactericidally against most Gram negative bacteria and is applied most often against urinary tract, blood, and meningal infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has no effect upon Gr am positive bacteria. It kills bacterial cells by binding to a removing lipids in the cell membrane.Due to this mechanism, however, Polymyxin B also damages eukaryotic cells and thus sometimes proves to be a neuro- and nephrotoxic in humans. (DrugBank) Tetracycline, synthesized from chlortetracycline, a compound produced by a Streptomyces. It works by binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with protein synthesis and is effective against a wide range of Gram positive and negative bacteria, including the Mycoplasma and the bacteria responsible for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and nongonococcal urinary tract infections. DrugBank) Material and Methods Cultures:Streptococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa One person each in a team of four heavily inoculated two Mueller-Hinton agar plates with one of the cultures listed by aseptic transfer from a broth culture using a sterile cotton swab. Each plate was marked off into four segments, a total of eight sectors. One McFarland standard disk containing one of the eight antibiotics tested was placed, using alcohol-flame sterilized forceps, in the center of a sector.After incubating for 18 hours at 37Â °C, the diameters of the clear zones (zones of inhibition) around each McFarland disk was measured with a standard ruler to the nearest millimeter. The measurements obtained were matched against a chart (Claus 407) to determine whether the bacterium was resistant, sensitive, or intermediate in susceptibility to the antibiotic used. The numbers against which these measurements are matched take into account the difference in zone sizes caused by variations in diffusion rates through agar in the antibiotics tested. Results Bacterium: Streptococcus faecalis | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |28 |S | |Bacitracin |20 |S | |Chloramphenicol |22 |S | |Erythromycin |21 |S | |Novobiocin |20 |S | |Penicillin G |20 |S | |Polymyxin B |0 |R | | Tetracycline |24 |S | Bacterium: Staphylococcus aureus | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |48 |S | |Bacitracin |22 |S | |Chloramphenicol |24 |S | |Erythromycin |25 |S | |Novobiocin |39 |S | |Penicillin G |43 |S | |Polymyxin B |0 |R | |Tetracycline |32 |S | Bacterium: Escherichia coli | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |20 |S | |Bacitracin |11 |R | |Chloramphenicol |0 |R | |Erythromycin |25 |S | |Novobiocin |21 |S | |Penicillin G |8 |R | |Polymyxin B |6 |R | |Tetracycline |12 |R | Bacterium: Streptococcus faecalis | |Antibiotic used |Inhibition zone size (mm)|Culture response | |Ampicillin |0 |R | |Bacitracin |0 |R | |Chloramphenicol |21 |S | |Erythromycin |22 |S | |Novobiocin |10 |R | |Penicillin G |0 |R | |Polymyxin B |18 |S | |Tetracycline |25 |S | Discussion S. faecalis was sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested except for Polymyxin B. Since that antibiotic is known to be effective only agai nst Gram negative bacteria, this observation is in keeping with expected results.As a Gram positive, one would expect, as we observed, that it would be sensitive to polypeptide inhibitors, such as Penicillin G and Ampicillin, as well as protein synthesis inhibitors, such as Tetracycline and Erythromycin. Novobiocin, while not often used against Gram positives due to concerns about its toxicity, is known to be effective against Gram positives as well, which is borne out by these observations. Like S. faecalis, S. aureus is a Gram positive, and so would be expected to be sensitive to the same antibiotics and resistant to Polymyxin B. Our observations verify this as well. E. coli is Gram negative, and our observations show it to be sensitive only to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Novobiocin.It was, however, resistant to Penicillin G, demonstrating that there is some chemical factor which allows one beta lactam antibiotic to inhibit this bacterium (Ampicillin) while another (Penicillin G) do es not. This is likely due to the difference in chemical structure of the two. Penicillin G lacks an amino group, which is present on Ampicillin. It may well be that the presence of a partially-charged amino group on Ampicillin allows it to be uptaken by the bacterium more readily than Penicillin G. (Deacon) More unexpectedly, E. coli was resistant to Chloramphenicol, even though this antibiotic is useful in inhibiting other Gram negative bacteria. It may be that the E. oli strain used in this experiment has developed a resistance to this particular antibiotic. P. aeruginosa also proved to be resistant to Ampicillin, Bacitracin, Novobiocin, and Penicillin G. This suggests that the chemical structure which allows Ampicillin to inhibit E. coli is not effective in the case of this bacterium, which is sensitive to neither of these beta lactams. Bacitracin is only useful against Gram positives as well, so it had no noticeable affect upon P. aeruginosa. On the other hand, this culture was sensitive to Polymyxin B, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, and Erythromycin, as one would predict for a Gram negative. Its resistance to Novobiocin is due to its having a modified DNA gyrase (Miller 674).It is worth noting in this case that while the bacterium is resistant, Novobiocin does have some effect at a standard concentration, and higher concentrations can be used to kill the organism. Such concentrations, however, would also be toxic to the patient if taken as a chemotherapeutic dosage. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria has been an ongoing phenomenon since shortly after the widespread use of penicillin, the first antibiotic, began. The rate at which this occurs has increased as the availability and employment has increased since then, and it has now become a significant medical problem. The major reason for this is that the use of antibiotics acts as a selective pressure. Those bacteria which carry a mutation on their plasmids that make them able to s urvive treatment give hem access to a niche which non-resistant strains cannot exploit, leading to their proliferation both in infected individuals and ultimately in the environment in general. The use of antibiotics kills not only pathogens, but also normal microflora which might otherwise prevent virulent bacteria from establishing a foothold in the human body. Thanks to the phenomenon of transformation, in which living bacteria can incorporate naked genetic material left over when other cells are lysed for reasons other than antibiotic sensitivity, resistance genes can cross between genera. For example, the Staphylococci can incorporate resistance genes from Bacilli and Streptococci.Added to this are resistance genes that exist as transposons found in the main bacterial genome and which can be transmitted to other members of the same species by temperate phages via the process of transduction. These mechanisms have resulted in the arisal of such things as Vancomycin-resistant str ains of S. aureus, responsible for a usually-lethal nosocomial infection that, ironically, is carried by the very bacteria that Alexander Fleming first observed as being susceptible to penicillin, the original antibiotic. (Deacon) Literature cited Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol 45(4):493-6. Deacon, J. The Microbial World: Penicillin and Other Antibiotics. http://helios. bto. ed. ac. k/bto/microbes/penicill. htm. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Edinburgh. August 2003. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00320. July 29 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00816. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00862. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/d rugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00953. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00694. xt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00646. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD01190. txt. July 29, 2006. DrugBank, http://redpoll. pharmacy. ualberta. ca/drugbank/cgi-bin/getCard. cgi? CARD=APRD00572. txt. July 29, 2006. Miller RV, Scurlock TR. 1983. DNA gyrase (topoisomerase-II) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 110 (2):694-700. Understanding Microbes: A Laboratory Textbook for Microbiology, by G. William Claus, W. H. Freeman and Co. , New York, 1988.

An Introduction to Personal Responsibility

†¢ Define personal responsibility and what it means to you.†¢Explain the relationship between personal responsibility and college success.†¢Include a preliminary plan to practice personal responsibility in your education.I. Introduction a. personal responsibility :1. Personal responsibility begins inside and moves outward. 2. We have to begin with ourselves and take responsibility for our thoughts, choices, actions and reactions. Then we can be responsible for the circumstances we create in our world. 3. When you believe something or someone else is responsible for your problems and the resulting solutions, that exact thought is the first problem to solve when it comes to taking personal responsibility. b. what it means to me:1. Taking care of my family 2. Taking care of my job 3. Taking care of my studyIl. Primary purpose for educationThe relationship between personal responsibility and college success. a. Personal responsibilities:1. Having something in your care to take care of. It is your responsibility that your kids get taken care of on a daily basis 2. Taking Responsibility for Your Own Actions. b. college success:1. Students have to learn to take responsibility for their education. 2. With college come the skills needed to be successful. 3. Every student who enters into a college level program needs to bring some very useful skills with them.Ill. Adult learning stylePreliminary plan to practice personal responsibility in your education. 1. Attending college is taking personal responsibility for your education. 2. Time management and proper organization serve not only in planning for education success but also in aspects of life. 3. With and a higher education we have a better salary then without. 4. To be successful in educational endeavors its necessary to act as a personally responsible student. 5. Students are Responsible for Their Own Educational Future.IV. ConclusionAccepting personal responsibility can have life changing affects.

Is Thomas More s Utopia - 1374 Words

Thomas More’s Utopia is a work of fiction that explores the idea of the commonwealth of Utopia as an ideal society both governmentally and productively. Later thinkers delved deeper into the questions of society, looking at why people enter societies, what type of governments are most successful, and distribution of wealth among the population. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx all had varying thoughts on how to achieve social order in the societies in which they lived. Their differing notions on the issue of social order and human nature lead to contradictory solutions. In Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, Hobbes discusses body politic which is the state collectively, an organized group of citizens. The Leviathan is the commonwealth and as Hobbes describes, an artificial man. The ruler is at the heart of the being and is the only reason that the state as a whole exists. The magistrates and other officers are the joints that put the state in motion while the rest of society are considered the nerves. The actions of the head flow down through the magistrate to the common people, but the common person’s actions can go back to the head of state. As Hobbes says, â€Å"†¦ reward and punishment, by which fastened to the seat of the sovereignty every joint and member is moved to perform his duty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (35). When any part is missing the entity as a whole cannot function and ceases to exist. Hobbes believed that mankind in its natural state was at war. In this state of war, thereShow MoreRelatedThomas More s Utopia?1464 Words   |  6 Pages Thomas More’s Utopia By: Jocelyn Torres English 2322 12 October 2017 Jocelyn Torres English 2322 Read MoreThomas More s Utopia?2123 Words   |  9 PagesThomas More’s Utopia Thomas More wrote this book in 1516. He was latin and published this book in Louvain which is basically belgium. 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